University education 5.0: artificial intelligence and emerging technologies for innovation in higher education

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a key driver in the transformation of higher education, introducing new approaches to teaching, learning, and academic management. This study analysed its impact on university teaching through a multinational comparative approach involving Ecuador, Peru, and Colombia, with the aim of identifying benefits, challenges, and opportunities from the perspectives of both lecturers and students. A mixed-methods design was employed, combining a systematic review of 15 articles published between 2019 and 2024 with a structured survey administered to 450 participants (150 in each country). Quantitative data analysis was conducted to measure perceptions and trends, while the documentary review provided further contrast and enrichment of the findings. Results revealed that AI is perceived as a positive driver of educational innovation, particularly in personalised learning, the use of virtual assistants for feedback, and the optimisation of teaching time. However, concerns persist regarding algorithmic bias, transparency in automated assessment, and inequity in access to technological infrastructure. Moreover, Ecuador exhibited the highest levels of acceptance, while Peru and Colombia displayed more neutral attitudes, reflecting contextual barriers to its implementation. In conclusion, AI holds significant potential to transform higher education in the Andean region, provided its incorporation is supported by robust ethical frameworks, inclusive institutional policies, and continuous teacher training programmes that ensure sustainable adoption.